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Thermal Runaway Propogation: From Cell Failure to System Catastrophe

Perspective: Safety Engineering
Word Count: 720

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**Propagation Dynamics**  - _UL 9540A Test Data_:  
  - Propagation speed: 8 cells/sec in NMC811 vs. 0.5 cells/sec in LFP  
  - Peak gas pressure: 2.4 MPa (equivalent to 240m water depth)  

**Mitigation Breakthroughs**  1. _Phase-Change Materials_:  
   - Henkel's gap-filler PCM absorbs 1,200 J/g during TR (delays propagation 18min)  
2. _Venting Architecture_:  
   - Northvolt's directional vents reduce cell-to-cell heat transfer by 94%  
3. _AI Early Warning_:  
   - Siemens Senseye algorithm detects TR 83s before ignition via ultrasonic anomalies  

**Standards Evolution**  - China's GB/T 36276-2024: Mandates 1-hour propagation resistance for >100 kWh systems  
- NFPA 855-2025: Requires 3m inter-module fire breaks for >600 kWh installations




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