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Beyond Lithium: Multivalent Ion Battery Race Intensifies

Perspective: Post-Li Chemistry
Word Count: 680

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**Material Innovations**  | Chemistry  | Energy Density | Cycle Life | Key Challenge             |  
|------------|----------------|------------|---------------------------|  
| Mg²⁺       | 400 Wh/kg      | 1,200      | Mg stripping overpotential |  
| Al³⁺       | 550 Wh/kg      | 500        | Cathode dissolution       |  
| Zn²⁺       | 180 Wh/kg      | 5,000+     | Dendrites at >60% DoD     |  

**Recent Milestones**  - _MIT's Chloro-Aluminate Electrolyte_:  
  - Solves Al corrosion (0.02 mm/year corrosion rate)  
- _Toyota's Mg-S Battery_:  
  - 320 Wh/kg achieved with Mo₆S₈ cathode  
- _Zinc8's Air Battery_:  
  - $75/kWh system cost for 8h storage (NYC pilot)  

**Commercialization Timeline**  - Mg-ion: Pilot lines by 2026 (Pellion Technologies)  
- Al-ion: Grid-scale demo by 2027 (Saturnose)




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