Perspective: Safety Engineering
Word Count: 720
**Propagation Dynamics** - _UL 9540A Test Data_:
- Propagation speed: 8 cells/sec in NMC811 vs. 0.5 cells/sec in LFP
- Peak gas pressure: 2.4 MPa (equivalent to 240m water depth)
**Mitigation Breakthroughs** 1. _Phase-Change Materials_:
- Henkel's gap-filler PCM absorbs 1,200 J/g during TR (delays propagation 18min)
2. _Venting Architecture_:
- Northvolt's directional vents reduce cell-to-cell heat transfer by 94%
3. _AI Early Warning_:
- Siemens Senseye algorithm detects TR 83s before ignition via ultrasonic anomalies
**Standards Evolution** - China's GB/T 36276-2024: Mandates 1-hour propagation resistance for >100 kWh systems
- NFPA 855-2025: Requires 3m inter-module fire breaks for >600 kWh installations
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