Self-Growing Algae Batteries

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UCLA engineers have created living batteries using genetically modified algae. The 2024 system combines:

• Anode: Synechococcus cyanobacteria (CRISPR-edited for 120% faster growth)

• Cathode: MnO₂ nanoflowers with bilirubin oxidase

• Biodegradable mycelium casing (compressive strength: 38 MPa)

Performance highlights:
✅ 5.2 W/m² continuous output
✅ CO₂ sequestration: 12 tons/year per MWh
✅ Self-repair through cellular division

Singapore’s Urban BioGrid pilot (2025) will deploy:

• Building-integrated photobioreactors across 5 hectares

• Dual-output: 18 MWh power + 4 tons O₂ daily

These carbon-negative systems could power smart cities by 2035.

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