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Saltwater Batteries Dominate Grid Storage

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CATL’s TENER sodium-ion systems (2024) disrupt renewables storage:

  • Seawater-derived electrolytes ($3/kg vs $78/kg for lithium)

  • 190 Wh/kg energy density (matching LFP batteries)

  • -40°C to 85°C operation with zero thermal runaway risk

Scaling globally:
▶️ 100 GWh/year production from 2025
▶️ $57/kWh system cost (40% below lithium)
▶️ 30,000-cycle lifespan proven in Ningxia solar farm

Key innovation:
Prussian white cathodes prevent salt crystallization at sub-zero temperatures


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