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Dutch startup Plant-e’s living battery harnesses photosynthesis electrons (2024):

• Genetically modified moss (Physcomitrella patens) produces 24/7 current

• 3D-printed nanocellulose conductors collect electrons from root systems

• Self-repairing through plant growth

Performance highlights:
✅ 0.5 W/m² continuous output (doubles at 35°C)
✅ CO₂ negative: -800g/kWh emissions
✅ 100% biodegradable components

Singapore’s "Forest Grid" pilot (2025):

• 4-hectare mangrove installation

• Powers 300 homes via tidal-assisted growth

• $0.03/kWh levelized cost
  (Advanced Materials, Vol. 36 Iss. 19)

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